grammar - when we use conjuctions

Many words are used to connect sentences and those words give the passage the much needed 
emphasis.

Eg. I reached the station.

The train left.

I reached the station but the train had left

The word ‘but’ emphasizes the point that the train had left before I reached the station and also enriches the text.

Similarly...

1. Jenifer has answered the question.

2. Beulah has answered the question.

3. Both are not very clear about the answers.

‘Both’ in sentence 3 emphasizes the fact that Jenifer and Beulah have not answered properly and the word ‘both’ enriches the sentence.

The words ‘but’ and ‘both’ connect the sentences and enrich the meaning.

A few more conjunctions are and, or, because, etc.

Read the following passage and underline the conjunctions:

Malliga, a village girl wanted to get admission in a college in the city. She went to the bank to get a loan. But the manager was not there. She waited for him and met him. He refused to sanction the loan because she had no account in the bank. She immediately went home. But neither her mother nor
her father was at home. Both had left for the fields. She was not only shocked but also disappointed. She decided to go to the bank the next day.

Adjective exercises

 Fill in the examples I

No.	Names	Types and Examples
1.	Adjectives of Quality	They answer the question: Of what kind? E g:
2.	Adjectives of Quantity	They answer the question: How much? E g:
3.	Adjectives of number	They answer the question: How many? E g:
a.	Definite	Eg:
b.	Indefinite	Eg:
c.	Distributive	Eg:
4.	Demonstrative Adjectives	They answer the question: which? Eg :
5.	Interrogative Adjectives	They question, What, which. Who’s to receive information? Eg:
6.	Possessive Adjectives	They answer to the question, Whose? Eg:
7.	Emphasizing Adjectives	The words own and very are used as Emphasizing Adjectives. Eg:
8.	Proper Adjectives	They are formed from proper nouns. Eg:

THINK AND WRITE:

Fill in the blanks in the letter with the right adjectives from the box

Glad        wonderful           breathtaking

Helpful        clear                friendly

Perfect           roomy          curious

Examples for Interrogative, possessive, emphasizing, proper adjectives

Interrogative Adjectives:

They question, What, Which, Whose to receive information

1.       What time is it?

2.       Which way shall we go?

3.       That car is this?

Possessive Adjectives

They answer to the questions, whose?

Their relatives came here.

1.       His mother loves me as own son.

2.       Our house is in the corner of the street.

3.       Your aim must be high.

Emphasizing Adjectives:

The words own and very and used as Emphasizing Adjectives

1.       I saw the incident with my own eyes.

2.       Man is his own master.

3.       This is the very thing I want

Proper Adjectives:

They are formed from proper nouns.

1.       An Indian writer

2.       An American Dollar. 

NOTE ON NUMERAL ADJECTIVES:

Numeral Adjectives are of 3 kinds- Definite, Indefinite and Distributive

a.       Definite Numeral Adjectives:

They denote an exact number.

1.       The hand has five fingers.

2.       We have two eyes to see.

3.       She ate three bananas.

4.       Sunday is the first day of the week.

5.       Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian- born woman to go to space.

6.       Manmohan Singh is the fourteenth Prime Minister of India.

b.      Indefinite Numeral Adjectives:

They do not denote an exact number.

1.       I have many pencils.

2.       He is a man of few words. [He doesn’t talk much].

3.       He needs no introduction. [Everyone knows him.]

Examples: all, no, many, few, some, any, several

a.       Distributive Numeral Adjectives:

They refer to each one of a number.

1.       Every man has his duties.

2.       Each boy must take his turn.

3.       Either cycle will do.

Demonstrative adjectives:

They answer the question: Which?

1.       That boy is industrious.

2.       This school is famous

3.       I hate such things.

Those mangoes are sweet

GRAMMAR- ADJECTIVES:

Look AT Part – A and Part – B

Part – a                                               part - B

Ramya is a girl.                             Ramya is a cheerful girl.

The jasmine is a flower.              The Jasmine is a fragrant flower.

When you add the adjectives ‘cheerful’ and ‘fragrant’ to the nouns ‘girl’ and flower,’ the meaning of the nouns gets qualified and enhanced.

Example:

1.       A green frog

2.       A sad boy

3.       A lovely pond

4.       An English teacher

LET US DO:

Underline the adjectives in the following sentences:

Kolkata is a large city. 

I am well.

Kamala is a smart girl.

Netaji was a courageous leader.

The clever girl was praised by the teacher.

LET US LEARN:

There are many kinds of adjectives

Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive Adjectives).

They answer the question: Of What Kind?

1.       The ant is a tiny but wise creature.

2.       He is an honest man.

3.       The Taj Mahal is a wonderful building.

Adjectives of Quantity:

They answer the question: How much?

1.       She ate the whole apple.

2.       Babu ate some rice

3.       He showed much patience

4.       He spent all his money.

Adjectives of Number (Numeral adjectives).

They answer the question: How many?

For example, how many children are present in the class?

Phrasal verbs

Get on           - have a friendly relationship (with), cope it with
Give in           - yield
Stand out      - continue to resist
Lay by            - keep for future use

Guess the meaning of the phrasal verbs given below, making use of the balloons which contain their meanings: 

Give up
Lay over
Get back
Stand – offish
Stand back

Phrases and Clauses:

Identify the phrases and clauses in the following sentences:

a. In spite o-f the rain, the match continued.
b. Have belief in what you do.
c. You should sympathise with those who are struggling.
d. You must not enter wider world without knowledge.
e. If you use your opportunities properly, you will be successful in life.

Using Punctuation marks in English Grammar

Punctuation marks have an important role to play in every language. They help us understand the meaning of sentences clearly.

Important punctuation marks to be considered:

1. Capital letters A B C D         6. Interrogation ?
2. Comma  ,                  7. Parenthesis []
3.Semicolon ;                 8. Dash/ Hyphen -
4. Colon :                 9. Note of exclamation !
5. Full stop  .                10. inverted commas “ "

1. A Capital letter is used for the first letter in a sentence  -  This is English class.

for a proper noun - Palani lives in Chennai.
the personal pronoun 'i'  -  I am a student.
the interjection e.g.,'Oh!'  -  Oh! What an idea!
after abbreviations -  M.A., M.Ed., M. Phii.,
after initials  -  Mr.K.Prabhu

2. The Comma represents the shortest pause. it is used ,
    to indicate a short pause after a word, phrase or clause.
a) He came, he saw and he conquered.
    to distinguish a phrase in apposition [about the subject].
b) Mr. Ramesh, the Secretary of the Association, is my brother.
    to indicate words of address.
c) Sir, I beg your pardon.
    to separate words, phrases or clauses inserted into the body of a sentence.
d) Jawahariai Nehru, who was our first Prime Minister, had great love for children.
    to separate quoted sentences.
e) He said, “i am sorry.”
    to separate ‘absolute’ constructions e.g., having stopped.
f) The rain having stopped, they resumed the game.
    to separate day and date, and date and year.
g) Monday, the 5"‘ August, 6"‘ September,1992.


3. The Semicolon indicates a longer pause than a comma. it is used to ;
    separate word groups within the sentence that are not joined by a ' conjunction.
The chief guest came; the principal greeted him; then he walked up to the dais.


4. The Colon marks a more complete pause than the semicolon. It is used:
    to introduce a list.
The major novels of Kaiki are: Ponniyin Selvan, Parthiban Kanavu and Sivagamiyin Sabatham.
    to introduce a phrase, a group of words or a sentence that explains elaborates what has been said.
The problem facing us is this: where shall we get the funds?


5. A Full Stop is used at the end of a statement or an imperative sentence. .
    We enjoy our English lessons. Finish your home work. '


6. The Interrogation mark is used after a direct question.
    Who is Mrs. Kiran Bedi?


7. Parentheses or brackets are used to separate an after thought or as from a sentence. ( )
    All boys [including the richer ones] are given free uniforms and books.


B. The Dash/Hyphen is used to mark a sudden interruption in a sentence a in certain compound words -
    Kumar met an old man he was a foreigner and he spoke a strange language
    Life — style ; long — forgotten


9. Inverted commas are used to enclose words actually spoken by someone.
    The students said, “Who is our new teacher?"


10. An Exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence.
    May God bless you!
Note the use of comma in the following sentence:
e.g., Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam, the President of India, saw a peacock in his garden.

Learn some prefixes and meaning of prefixes along with compound words

PREFIXES

 Let us learn what prefixes are:

The base part of a word is called the root. A syllable or part added before a word in order to change its meaning is called a prefix. Prefixes mean something and therefore add that meaning to the word they are joined to.

A.Here are a few examples.

No.	Prefix	Meaning	Word
1	im-	not	impossible
2	dis-	away or aprt	disagree
3	mis-	wrong	misjudge
4	multi-	many	multiply
5	pre-	before	preview
6	bi-	twice	bisect
7	semi-	half	semi-precious

B. Match the given words with the rig ht prefix from the above list:

Comfort    loyal    movable    perfect    store
Reading        mature    final        behave    cycle

C. What are compound words?

When two words are brought together with or without a hyphen, they are called compound words. They give different meanings when they exist alone. e.g., postbox, pinpoint, cowshed, dry-clean, sense-organs.

Try this! - Match the following compound words and write them out:

first word	second word	new word
match	hole
card	pin
man	board
safety	fish
star	box

New words and their meanings:

gallop -  to run
glide - move smoothly
fascinate - to charm, attract
endangered - in danger of extinction
abundance - plenty, large quantity
valuable - costly, precious shrink - get smaller in size
destruction - damage, ruin
mammals - an animal that is born from its mother's body, not from an egg,and drinks its mother's milk as a baby.
exotic - unusual, out of the ordinary
extinct - wiped out, destroyed
merely - only

LET US REVISE - VERB and simple present tense with exercise

A verb is a word or group of words that expresses an action or says something about the state of the subject.

Expressing an action in the present time is known as the Present Tense.

e.g., Raju writes a letter. I study in the morning hours.

The Present Tense is the tense used to express:
    an action at the present
    a state of being or doing [eternal truths, or habitual actions];
    an occurrence in the (very) near future; or
    an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE :
e.g., John (work) in a restaurant. John works in a restaurant.

1. Children___________ (make) a lot of noise.
2. Sarala_________ (like) music very much.
3. I _______(brush) my teeth twice a day.
4. She__________ (do) her homework regularly.
5. Kamala _____ (drink) milk for breakfast.
6. They _________(get up ) at 7.00 in the morning.
7. My father __________(arrive) home at 7.00 p.m.
8. Saina and Mary _______(go) to bed at 9.00p.m.
9. This train _________(stop) at Chennai.
10. We _______(play) football all the while.

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER :
1. Susheela /I  like walking in fl1e rain.
2 Nlohan / I usually comes home at 4 00 pm
3. Malar / Suba and Veena always cleans her room.
4. Amudha / You get up early.
5. I / Priya brushes her teeth every night .

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

The Simple Past Tense is used for past actions that happened either at a specific time, which can either be given by a time phrase (yesterday, last year, etc.) or understood from the context.

Example: I liked the film, She ate the fruit, They played football

Fill in the blanks with the past tense form of the verb given in brackets:

1 . The teacher ____ (give) instructions.
2. Sheena ______ (post) the letter.
3. The train __________ (arrive) late. I
4. The vendor _____ (sell) a kilo of brinjals.
5. I ______(forget) my book.

Basic of GRAMMAR - LET US REVISE What is NOUNS with simple exercise

What is a noun?
"A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. " A common noun is the name of persons, places and things in general such as man, school and book.

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing, such as Sathish, Chennai, Onida etc. All proper nouns start with a capital letter.

A collective noun is the name given to a group of things, for example a flock of birds or a herd of cows.
An abstract noun is something you can't see, hear, touch or taste These can be emotions (happiness, sorrow) orstates (peace, quiet) Material noun is the name of the material with which a thing is made of Example : cotton, wood, silk etc.

EXERCISE - COMMON NOUNS:
Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences
1. We arrived early at the station.
2. There are different species of fish.
3. The man was trying to steal her car

EXERCISE - PROPER NOUNS:
Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences
1. paris is the capital of france. ___________________
2. william shakespeare is a famous english dramatist ___________________
3. ‘war and peace‘ was written by leo Tolstoy  ______________________
EXERCISE - ABSTRACT NOUNS:
Form Abstract Nouns of the following words
e.g., child - childhood
happy____________        scholar____________
know _____________    think ______________
strong ___________     wise _____________

EXERCISE - COLLECTIVE NOUNS:
Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns from the box given below
(herd, pride, flock)
1.A_______of birds flew high in the sky.
2. They saw a _____of lions at the zoo.
3. The farmer has a ______of cattle on his farm.

What is Suffix - English Grammar

A suffix is a part of a word that is placed at the end of the word to change its meaning.

 

Some of the common suffixes are- ing, ed, s and less

Example: play + ing = playing

Play +ed = played

 

You can also use a word as suffix

Example: child + hood = childhood

End + less = endless

Try to add a suffix to each word shown in the box below. Use the new word to form a meaningful sentence:

En, ed, mate, ing, ship,

a.      Call----

b.      Friend------

c.       Class ------

d.      Bright ----

e.      Wash -------

IV. Read these words one after the other. Read each word clearly so that others can hear the final of the word.

lead sleep Sent Back

wind tab hot Ask

stayed stop feast Trick

bread sheep Next Took

behind Pop Just Click

Reached Keep Left Woke

end drop Don’t dark

REGULAR/IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

Verbs are words that show action. They indicate three different dimensions of time the present, past and future called tense. (e.g., sing, sang, will/shall sing) Auxiliaries are otherwise known as helping verbs. These words are used with present /past participles to make a complete verb. (e.g., 'be'/ 'do'/ ‘have’ verbs) Most action words show tense in a regular way and we state them under Regular
verbs. (e.g., dance-danced; show — showed) Yet, there are certain verbs which change their spelling to show the past tense and the past participle. (e.g.,ring/rang/rung; do/did/done) Such words are said to be irregular verbs.

A. Observe the following irregular verbs:

Present	Past	Past Participle
Arise	arose	arisen
Begin	began	begun
choose	chose	chosen
draw	drew	drawn
Eat	ate	eaten
Fall	fell	fallen
Give	gave	given
Hurt	hurt	hurt
Know	knew	known
Lie	lay	lain
Meet	met	met
Pay	paid	paid
Ride	rode	ridden
spend	spent	spent
See	saw	seen
Take	took	taken

B. Fill in the appropriate irregular verbs:

Present	Past	Past Participle
write	wrote	written
teach	taught	taught
swim	swam	swum
bring	brought	brought
speak	spoke	spoken
swear	swore	sworn
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
keep	kept	kept
run	ran	run
fly	flew	flown
freeze	froze	frozen
break	broke	broken
drive	drove	driven
bite	bit	bitten
blow	blew	blown

C. Read the instructions carefully and write short sentences accordingly:
i. Past tense of catch
ii. Present of bought
iii. Past participle of stick
iv. Past tense of build
v. Present tense of leave

D. Underline the correct word in the brackets:

i. _____Gracy (wear/wore/worn) her favourite frock yesterday.
ii. Lalitha has___ (took/take/taken) medical leave and is expected to join duty next Monday.
iii. According to Roy, within a month, the bamboo plant had ___________(grew/grow/grown) five inches.
iv. Before her demise, Cynthia's grandmother______ (gives/gave/given) her golden wristwatch to her.
v. Kiran and Karun__________ (choose/chose/chosen) a beautiful shade of
green to be painted on their bed room wall.