part 2 - OBJECTIVE CASE,1. Direct Object,2. Predicate Objective

OBJECTIVE CASE

The  objective case , as its name implies, is the case of the  object . Most of its uses are covered by the following rule:--

 The object of a verb or preposition is in the objective case.

The object of a preposition has already been explained and defined


.  The  object of a verb  may be (1) the direct object, (2) the predicate objective, (3) the indirect object, (4) the cognate object. Of these the direct object is the most important.

The objective is also used (5) adverbially , (6) in apposition with another objective and (7) as the subject of an infinitive


1. Direct Object

   Some verbs may be followed by a substantive denoting that which receives the action or is produced by it. These are called transitive
verbs. All other verbs are called intransitive.

  1. That man  struck  my  dog .

  2. The arrow  hit  the  target .

  3. Cæsar  conquered Gaul .

  4. Mr. Holland  sells flour .

  5. The farmer  raises corn .

  6. Mr. Eaton  makes stoves .

  7. My grandfather  built  that  house .

In Nos. 1–4, the verb is followed by a noun denoting the  receiver of the action . Thus, in the first sentence, the  dog  receives the blow; in the second, the  target  receives the action of hitting. In Nos. 5–7, the verb is followed by a noun denoting the  product  of the action. For example, the  corn  is  produced  by the action expressed by the verb  raises .

In each example, the noun that follows the verb  completes the sense  of the verb. “That man  struck  ----.” “Struck  whom ?” “He struck the  dog .” Until  dog  is added the sense of the verb  struck  is incomplete.


   A substantive that completes the meaning of a transitive verb is called its direct object, and is said to be in the objective case.

  Thus, in the examples above,  dog  is the direct object of the   transitive verb  struck ;  target  is the direct object of    hit ,--and so on. Each of these nouns is therefore in the  objective   case .

   The direct object is often called the object complement, or the   object of the verb.

 Intransitive verbs have no object.

  The lion  roared .

  The visitor  coughed  gently.

  The log  drifted  downstream.

  We all  listened  intently.

Compare these sentences with those in § 99. We observe that the verbs (unlike those in § 99) admit no object, since their meaning is complete without the addition of any noun to denote the receiver or product of the action. “The man  struck ----” prompts the inquiry, “Struck  whom ?” But no such question is suggested by “The lion  roared ”; for “Roared  what ?” would be an absurdity.



 The  predicate nominative   must not be confused with the  direct object . They resemble each other in two particulars: (1) both stand in the predicate, and (2) both complete the meaning of the verb. But they differ utterly in their relation to the subject of the sentence. For--

The  predicate nominative  describes or defines the  subject . Hence both substantives denote the same person or thing.


  Charles [SUBJECT] {is | was | became | was elected}  captain    [PREDICATE NOMINATIVE].

The  direct object  neither describes nor defines the subject. On the  contrary, it designates that upon which the subject acts. Hence the two substantives regularly[18] denote different persons or things.

  Charles [SUBJECT] {struck  James  [OBJECT]. | threw a  stone    [OBJECT]. | built a  boat  [OBJECT].}

Both the direct object and the predicate nominative are classed as  complements , because they are used to complete the sense of the predicate verb

  A verb of  asking  sometimes takes  two direct objects , one denoting the  person  and the other the  thing .

 She asked the  boy  his  name .

  Ask  me  no  favors .

  I asked the  lawyer  his  opinion .

2. Predicate Objective

   Verbs of  choosing ,  calling ,  naming ,  making , and  thinking  may take two objects referring to the same person or thing.

 The first of these is the direct object, and the second, which completes the sense of the predicate, is called a predicate objective.

  We chose Oscar  president . [ Oscar  is the direct object of  chose ;    president  is the predicate objective.]

  I call John my  friend .

  They thought the man a  coward .

  Make my house your  home .

  The predicate objective is often called the complementary object or   the objective attribute. It is classed as a complement.

An adjective may serve as predicate objective.

  I call this ship  unseaworthy .

  Your letter made your sister  anxious .

  What makes Edwin so  careless ?



3. Indirect Object and Similar Idioms

   Some verbs of  giving ,  telling ,  refusing , and the like, may take two objects, a direct object and an indirect object.

 The indirect object denotes the person or thing toward whom or toward which is directed the action expressed by the rest of the predicate.

  DIRECT OBJECT ONLY        DIRECT OBJECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT

  Dick sold his bicycle.    Dick sold  John  his bicycle.
  I gave permission.        I gave this  man  permission.
  He paid a dollar.         He paid the  gardener  a dollar.
  She taught Latin.         She taught my  children  Latin.

Most of the verbs that admit an indirect object are included in the following list:--

  allot, allow, assign, bequeath, bring, deny, ensure, fetch, fling,   forbid, forgive, give, grant, guarantee, hand, lease, leave, lend,   let, owe, pardon, pass, pay, refund, refuse, remit, restore, sell,   send, show, sing, spare, teach, tell, throw, toss, vouchsafe.

Pronouns are commoner as indirect objects than nouns.

  They denied  her  the necessities of life.

  I guaranteed  them  a handsome profit.

  The king vouchsafed  them  an audience.

 It is always possible to insert the preposition  to  before the indirect object without changing the sense.

Since the indirect object is equivalent to an adverbial phrase, it is classed as a modifier of the verb.

  Thus, in “Dick sold  John  his bicycle,”  John  is an adverbial   modifier of the predicate verb  sold .

The indirect object is sometimes used without a direct object expressed. Thus,--

  He paid the hatter.

Here  hatter  may be recognized as an indirect object by inserting    to  before it and adding a direct object (“his  bill ,” “his    money ,” or the like).

 .  The objective case sometimes expresses the person  for whom  anything is done.

  William made his  brother  a kite [= made a kite for his brother].

  Sampson built  me  a boat [= built a boat for me].

This construction may be called the  objective of service .

  NOTE. The objective of service is often included under the head of   the indirect object. But the two constructions differ widely in   sense, and should be carefully distinguished. To do an act  to  a   person is not the same thing as to do an act  for  a person. Contrast   “John paid the money  to  me,” with “John paid the money  for  me”;    “Dick sold a bicycle  to  me,” with “Dick sold a bicycle  for  me.”


 The objective case is used after  like ,  unlike ,  near , and  next , which are really adjectives or adverbs, though in this construction they are often regarded as prepositions.

  She sang like a  bird . [ Like  is an adverb.]

  The earth is like a  ball . [ Like  is an adjective.]

  My office is near the  station . [ Near  is an adjective.]

  That answer was unlike  Joseph . [ Unlike  is an adjective.]

  This man walks unlike  Joseph . [ Unlike  is an adverb.]

  A stream ran near the  hut . [ Near  is an adverb.]

The use of the objective after these words is a peculiar idiom similar to the indirect object (§ 105). The nature of the construction may be
seen (as in the indirect object) by inserting  to  or  unto  (“She sang  like unto  a bird”).

NOTE. The indirect object, the objective of service, and the   objective after  like ,  unlike , and  near  are all survivals of old   dative constructions. Besides the case of the direct object (often   called  accusative ), English once had a case (called the  dative )   which meant  to  or  for  [somebody or something]. The dative case is   easily distinguished in Greek, Latin, and German, but in English it   has long been merged in form with the ordinary objective.

4. Cognate Object

    A verb that is regularly intransitive sometimes takes as object a noun whose meaning closely resembles its own. 

 A noun in this construction is called the cognate object of the verb and is in the objective case. 

  He ran a  race .

  The mayor coughed a dubious, insinuating  cough .

  A scornful  laugh  laughed he.

  The trumpeter blew a loud  blast .

  She sleeps the  sleep  of death.

  NOTE.  Cognate  means “kindred” or “related.” The cognate object   repeats the idea of the verb, often with some modification, and    may be classed as an adverbial modifier. Its difference from the   direct object may be seen by contrasting “The blacksmith struck the    anvil ” with “The blacksmith struck a mighty  blow ” (cf. “struck    mightily ”). For the pronoun  it  as cognate object

5. Adverbial Objective

  A noun, or a phrase consisting of a noun and its modifiers, may be used adverbially. Such a noun is called an adverbial objective. 

  We have waited  years  for this reform.

  I am  years  older than you are.

  The river is  miles  away.

  The water rose  three feet .

  This is  an inch  too long.

  My brother is  twenty years  old.

  I will stay a  short time .

  Wait  a moment .

  Come here  this instant !

  Turn your eyes  this way .

  This silk is  several shades  too light.

A group of words consisting of an adverbial object with its modifier or modifiers forms an  adverbial phrase  

6. Objective in Apposition

  A substantive in apposition with an objective is itself in the objective case.

  Yesterday I saw Williams the  expressman . [Apposition with the   direct object of  saw .]

  Tom gave his friend  John  a book. [Apposition with the indirect  object  friend .]

  He lives with Andrews the  blacksmith . [Apposition with the object   of the preposition  with .]

This rule follows from the general principle that an appositive is in the same case as the substantive to which it is attached 

7. Subject of an Infinitive

 The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case.

This construction will be treated in connection with the uses of the infinitive 

Parsing

 To  parse  a word is to describe its grammatical form and to give its construction.

In parsing a  noun , we mention the class to which it belongs, give its gender, number, person, and case, and tell why it is in that case. Thus,--

  1. Frank shot a wolf.

   Frank  is a proper noun of the masculine gender, in the singular   number and third person. It is in the nominative case, because it is   the subject of the verb  shot .

   Wolf  is a common noun of the masculine or feminine [or common]   gender, in the singular number and third person. It is in the   objective case, because it is the object [or direct object] of the   transitive verb  shot .

  2. Jane, come here.

   Jane  is a proper noun of the feminine gender, in the singular   number and second person. It is in the nominative case, being used as   a vocative (or in direct address).

  3. The rope is fifteen feet long.

   Feet  is a common noun of the neuter gender, in the plural number   and third person. It is in the objective case, being used as an   adverbial modifier of the adjective  long .

  4. Edgar’s boat is a sloop.

 Edgar’s  is a proper noun of the masculine gender, in the singular   number and third person. It is in the possessive case, modifying the   noun  boat 

THE PARTS OF SPEECH IN THE SENTENCE-Noun,pronouns,adjectives, verb, adverb, preposition , conjunctions ,interjections.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH IN THE SENTENCE

 Summary
The Sentence: Subject and Predicate; Kinds of   Sentences.--Use of words in the Sentence: the Eight Parts of Speech;   Infinitives and Participles.--Comparative Importance of the Parts   of Speech in the Sentence: the Subject Noun (or Simple Subject);   the Predicate Verb (or Simple Predicate); Compound Subject and   Predicate.--Substitutes for the Parts of Speech: Phrases; Clauses;   Compound and Complex Sentences.


THE SENTENCE

1.A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought.+

  Fire burns.

  Wolves howl.

  Rain is falling.

  Charles is courageous.

  Patient effort removes mountains.

  London is the largest city in the world.

  A man who respects himself should never condescend to use slovenly   language.

Some of these sentences are short, expressing a very simple thought;

others are comparatively long, because the thought is more complicated and therefore requires more words for its expression. But every one of them, whether short or long, is complete in itself. It comes to a definite end, and is followed by a full pause.



2. Every sentence, whether short or long, consists of two parts,--a +subject+ and a +predicate+.

The subject of a sentence designates the person, place, or thing that is spoken of; the predicate is that which is said of the subject.

  Thus, in the first example in § 1, the subject is _fire_ and the   predicate is _burns_. In the third, the subject is _rain_; the   predicate, _is   falling_. In the last, the subject is _a man who   respects himself_; the predicate, _should never condescend to use   slovenly language_.

Either the subject or the predicate may consist of a single word or of a number of words. But neither the subject by itself nor the predicate by itself, however extended, is a sentence. The mere mention of a thing (_fire_) does not express a complete thought. Neither does a mere assertion (_burns_), if we neglect to mention the person or thing about which the assertion is made. Thus it appears that both a subject and a  predicate are necessary to make a sentence.
 

3.Sentences may be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.


1. A declarative sentence declares or asserts something as a fact.

  Dickens wrote “David Copperfield.”

  The army approached the city.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.+

  Who is that officer?

  Does Arthur Moore live here?

3. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request.+

  Open the window.

  Pronounce the vowels more distinctly.

4. An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise, grief, or some other emotion in the form of an exclamation or cry.
  How calm the sea is!

  What a noise the engine makes!

A declarative, an interrogative, or an imperative sentence is also +exclamatory+, if it is uttered in an intense or excited tone of voice.


4. In imperative sentences, the subject (_thou_ or _you_) is almost always omitted, because it is +understood+ by both speaker and   hearer without being expressed.

  Such omitted words, which are present (_in idea_) to the minds of   both speaker and hearer, are said to be “understood.” Thus, in “Open   the window,” the subject is “_you_ (understood).” If expressed, the   subject would be emphatic: as,--“_You_ open the window.”

 5.The subject of a sentence commonly precedes the predicate, but sometimes the predicate  precedes.

  Here comes Tom.


  Next came Edward.

  Over went the carriage.

A sentence in which the predicate precedes the subject is said to be in the +inverted order+. This order is especially common in interrogative
sentences.

  Where is your boat?

  When was your last birthday?

  Whither wander you?--SHAKSPERE.


THE PARTS OF SPEECH

6. If we examine the words in any sentence, we observe that they have different tasks or duties to perform in the expression of thought.

  Savage beasts roamed through the forest.

In this sentence, _beasts_ and _forest_ are the +names+ of objects; _roamed_ +asserts action+, telling us what the beasts _did_; _savage_ +describes+ the beasts; _through_ shows the +relation+ in thought between _forest_ and _roamed_; _the_ +limits+ the meaning of _forest_, showing that one particular forest is meant. Thus each of these words  has its +special office+ (or +function+) +in the sentence+.

7. In accordance with their use in the sentence, words are divided into eight classes called parts of speech,--namely, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.


I. NOUNS

8.A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing.

  EXAMPLES: Lincoln, William, Elizabeth, sister, engineer, Chicago,   island, shelf, star, window, happiness, anger, sidewalk, courage,   loss, song.


II. PRONOUNS 

9.A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. It designates a person, place, or thing without naming it.


  In “_I_ am ready,” the pronoun _I_ is a convenient substitute for   the speaker’s name. In “_You_ have forgotten _your_ umbrella,”   the pronouns _you_ and _your_ designate the person to whom one is   speaking.


  Other pronouns are: _he_, _his_, _him_; _she_, _hers_, _her_; _it_,   _its_; _this_, _that_; _who_, _whose_, _whom_, _which_; _myself_,   _yourself_, _himself_, _themselves_.


Since pronouns stand for nouns, they enable us to talk about a person, place, or thing without constantly repeating the name.


10.Nouns and pronouns are called substantives.


Nouns and pronouns are very similar in their use. The difference between them is merely that the noun designates a person, place, or thing by +naming+ it, and that the pronoun +designates+, but does not +name+. Hence it is convenient to have a general term (+substantive  +) to include both these parts of speech.


11.The substantive to which a pronoun refers is called its antecedent

  _Frank_ introduced the boys to _his_ father. [_Frank_ is the   antecedent of the pronoun _his_.]

  _Eleanor_ is visiting _her_ aunt.

  The _book_ has lost _its_ cover.

  The _trappers_ sat round _their_ camp fire.

  _Washington_ and _Franklin_ served _their_ country in different ways.
 
  [_Their_ has two antecedents, connected by _and_.]




III. ADJECTIVES

12  . An adjective is a word which describes or limits a    substantive.

This it usually does by indicating some quality.

+An adjective is said to belong to the substantive which it describes or limits.


13. An adjective limits a substantive by restricting the range of its meaning.

  The noun _box_, for example, includes a great variety of objects. If   we say _wooden_ box, we exclude boxes of metal, of paper, etc. If we   use a second adjective (_small_) and a third (_square_), we limit the   size and the shape of the box.

Most adjectives (like _wooden_, _square_, and _small_) +describe+ as well as limit. Such words are called +descriptive adjectives+.

We may, however, limit the noun _box_ to a single specimen by means of the adjective _this_ or _that_ or _the_, which does not +describe+,

but simply points out, or +designates+. Such words are called +definitive adjectives+.[6]




IV. VERBS

14  . A verb is a word which can assert something (usually an action) concerning a person, place, or thing.

  The wind _blows_.

  The horses _ran_.

  The fire _blazed_.

  Her jewels _sparkled_.

  Tom _climbed_ a tree.

  The dynamite _exploded_.

Some verbs express state or condition rather than action.

  The treaty still _exists_.

  The book _lies_ on the table.

 Near the church _stood_ an elm.

  My aunt _suffers_ much from headache.




15.A group of words may be needed, instead of a single verb, to make an assertion.

A group of words that is used as a verb is called a verb-phrase.+

  You _will see_.

  The tree _has fallen_.

  We _might have invited_ her.

  Our driver _has been discharged_.



16. Certain verbs, when used to make verb-phrases, are called +auxiliary+ (that is, “aiding”) +verbs+, because they help other verbs to express action or state of some particular kind.

  Thus, in “You _will see_,” the auxiliary verb _will_ helps _see_   to express +future+ action; in “We _might have invited_ her,” the   auxiliaries _might_ and _have_ help _invited_ to express action that   was +possible+ in past time.

The auxiliary verbs are _is_ (_are_, _was_, _were_, etc.), _may_, _can_, _must_, _might_, _shall_, _will_, _could_, _would_, _should_, _have_, _had_, _do_, _did_. Their forms and uses will be studied in connection with the inflection of verbs.

The auxiliary verb regularly comes first in a verb-phrase, and may be separated from the rest of it by some other word or words.

  Where _was_ Washington _born_?

  The boat _was_ slowly but steadily _approaching_.

17._Is_ (in its various forms) and several other verbs may be used to frame sentences in which some word or words in the predicate describe or define the subject.

  1. Gold _is_ a metal.

  2. Charles _is_ my friend’s name.

  3. The colors of this butterfly _are_ brilliant.

  4. Iron _becomes_ red in the fire.

  5. Our condition _seemed_ desperate.

  6. Bertram _proved_ a good friend in this emergency.

  7. My soul _grows_ sad with troubles.--SHAKSPERE.

In the first sentence, the verb _is_ not only +makes an assertion+, but it also +connects+ the rest of the predicate (_a metal_) with the subject (_gold_) in such a way that _a metal_ serves as a description or definition of _gold_.

In sentences 4–7, _becomes_, _seemed_, _proved_, and _grows_ are similarly used.

In such sentences _is_ and other verbs that are used for the same purpose are called +copulative+ (that is, “joining”) +verbs+.

  _Is_ in this use is often called the +copula+, that is, the “joiner”   or “link.”

The forms of the verb _is_ are very irregular. Among the commonest are: _am_, _is_, _are_, _was_, _were_, and the verb-phrases _has   been_, _have been_, _had been_, _shall be_, _will be_.


V. ADVERBS

 18  .An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.+

  To +modify+ a word is to change or affect its meaning in some way.

  Thus in “The river fell _rapidly_,” the adverb _rapidly_ modifies   the verb _fell_ by showing _how_ the falling took place. In “I am
  _never_ late,” “This is _absolutely_ true,” “That is _too_ bad,”   the italicized words are adverbs modifying adjectives; in “He came
  _very_ often,” “He spoke _almost_ hopefully,” “The river fell _too_   rapidly,” they are adverbs modifying other adverbs.


Most adverbs answer the question “How?” “When?” “Where?” or “To what degree or extent?”


19. Observe that adverbs modify verbs in much the same way in which adjectives modify nouns.



  ADJECTIVES                                                 ADVERBS

  A _bright_ fire burned.                            The fire burned _brightly_.
  A _fierce_ wind blew.                             The wind blew _fiercely_.


A word or group of words that changes or modifies the meaning of another word is called a modifier.+

Adjectives and adverbs, then, are both +modifiers+. Adjectives modify substantives; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

VI. PREPOSITIONS

20.  A preposition is a word placed before a substantive to show its  relation to some other word in the sentence.+

 The substantive which follows a preposition is called its object.+

A preposition is said to +govern+ its object.

  In “The surface _of_ the water glistened,” _of_ makes it clear that   _surface_ belongs with _water_. In “Philip is _on_ the river,” _on_

  shows Philip’s position with respect to the river. _In_, or _near_,   or _beyond_ would have indicated a different relation. _Water_ is

  the object of the preposition _of_, and _river_ is the object of the 

  preposition _on_. 

21.A preposition often has more than one object.

  Over _hill_ and _dale_ he ran.

  He was filled with _shame_ and _despair_.

VII. CONJUNCTIONS

22. A conjunction connects words or groups of words.+

A conjunction differs from a preposition in having no object, and in indicating a less definite relation between the words which it connects.

  In “Time _and_ tide wait for no man,” “The parcel was small _but_    heavy,” “He wore a kind of doublet _or_ jacket,” the conjunctions   _and_, _but_, _or_, connect single words,--_time_ with _tide_,   _small_ with _heavy_, _doublet_ with _jacket_. In “Do not go _if_ you   are afraid,” “I came _because_ you sent for me,” “Take my key, _but_   do not lose it,” “Sweep the floor _and_ dust the furniture,” each   conjunction connects the entire group of words preceding it with the   entire group following it.

VIII. INTERJECTIONS

23.An interjection is a cry or other exclamatory sound expressing surprise, anger, pleasure, or some other emotion or feeling.+

Interjections usually have no grammatical connection with the groups of words in which they stand; hence their name, which means “thrown in.”

  EXAMPLES: _Oh!_ I forgot. _Ah_, how I miss you! _Bravo!_ _Alas!_

LET US REVISE - VERB and simple present tense with exercise

A verb is a word or group of words that expresses an action or says something about the state of the subject.

Expressing an action in the present time is known as the Present Tense.

e.g., Raju writes a letter. I study in the morning hours.

The Present Tense is the tense used to express:
    an action at the present
    a state of being or doing [eternal truths, or habitual actions];
    an occurrence in the (very) near future; or
    an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE :
e.g., John (work) in a restaurant. John works in a restaurant.

1. Children___________ (make) a lot of noise.
2. Sarala_________ (like) music very much.
3. I _______(brush) my teeth twice a day.
4. She__________ (do) her homework regularly.
5. Kamala _____ (drink) milk for breakfast.
6. They _________(get up ) at 7.00 in the morning.
7. My father __________(arrive) home at 7.00 p.m.
8. Saina and Mary _______(go) to bed at 9.00p.m.
9. This train _________(stop) at Chennai.
10. We _______(play) football all the while.

CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER :
1. Susheela /I  like walking in fl1e rain.
2 Nlohan / I usually comes home at 4 00 pm
3. Malar / Suba and Veena always cleans her room.
4. Amudha / You get up early.
5. I / Priya brushes her teeth every night .

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

The Simple Past Tense is used for past actions that happened either at a specific time, which can either be given by a time phrase (yesterday, last year, etc.) or understood from the context.

Example: I liked the film, She ate the fruit, They played football

Fill in the blanks with the past tense form of the verb given in brackets:

1 . The teacher ____ (give) instructions.
2. Sheena ______ (post) the letter.
3. The train __________ (arrive) late. I
4. The vendor _____ (sell) a kilo of brinjals.
5. I ______(forget) my book.

REGULAR/IRREGULAR VERB FORMS

Verbs are words that show action. They indicate three different dimensions of time the present, past and future called tense. (e.g., sing, sang, will/shall sing) Auxiliaries are otherwise known as helping verbs. These words are used with present /past participles to make a complete verb. (e.g., 'be'/ 'do'/ ‘have’ verbs) Most action words show tense in a regular way and we state them under Regular
verbs. (e.g., dance-danced; show — showed) Yet, there are certain verbs which change their spelling to show the past tense and the past participle. (e.g.,ring/rang/rung; do/did/done) Such words are said to be irregular verbs.

A. Observe the following irregular verbs:

Present	Past	Past Participle
Arise	arose	arisen
Begin	began	begun
choose	chose	chosen
draw	drew	drawn
Eat	ate	eaten
Fall	fell	fallen
Give	gave	given
Hurt	hurt	hurt
Know	knew	known
Lie	lay	lain
Meet	met	met
Pay	paid	paid
Ride	rode	ridden
spend	spent	spent
See	saw	seen
Take	took	taken

B. Fill in the appropriate irregular verbs:

Present	Past	Past Participle
write	wrote	written
teach	taught	taught
swim	swam	swum
bring	brought	brought
speak	spoke	spoken
swear	swore	sworn
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
keep	kept	kept
run	ran	run
fly	flew	flown
freeze	froze	frozen
break	broke	broken
drive	drove	driven
bite	bit	bitten
blow	blew	blown

C. Read the instructions carefully and write short sentences accordingly:
i. Past tense of catch
ii. Present of bought
iii. Past participle of stick
iv. Past tense of build
v. Present tense of leave

D. Underline the correct word in the brackets:

i. _____Gracy (wear/wore/worn) her favourite frock yesterday.
ii. Lalitha has___ (took/take/taken) medical leave and is expected to join duty next Monday.
iii. According to Roy, within a month, the bamboo plant had ___________(grew/grow/grown) five inches.
iv. Before her demise, Cynthia's grandmother______ (gives/gave/given) her golden wristwatch to her.
v. Kiran and Karun__________ (choose/chose/chosen) a beautiful shade of
green to be painted on their bed room wall.